Gene on negative strand - two eductional questions. - (Jul/04/2011 )
Dear all,
I am designing some new primers for RT-PCR.
Some of the genes of interest are situated on the negative strand of gDNA.
When I faced this situation for first time I noted that the published mRNA was the same as the (-) gDNA.
Then, I designed my primers, as I am going to do it now as well, but I need to know something:
1. I thought that only the (+) strands are being published in NCBI, why there are also (-) strands?
2. I thought that the (-) strand is the one, which is being transcribed and is complementary to the resulting RNA. If so, the (+) strand should be the same as the published RefSeq mRNA without the intron sequences, isn`t it?
What do I miss?
PS - I have one more question about the BLAST tool for primers specificity:
I loaded one mRNA sequence together with primers, which I designed in the past. These primers are tested for specificity by basic PCR and real time-PCR.
This is what I get:
Products on intended target
product length = 217
Forward primer 1 CTGGACTGTGGCATTGAGAC 20
Template 565 .................... 584
Reverse primer 1 TAACGCGAGTGAGAATGTGC 20
Template 781 .................... 762
Products on potentially unintended templates
product length = 202
Forward primer 1 CTGGACTGTGGCATTGAGAC 20
Template 665 ..TCC..........C.... 684
Forward primer 1 CTGGACTGTGGCATTGAGAC 20
Template 866 G.......AA...C...... 847
The dots should mean the complementary bases, right?
Answer on any of my questions would be highly appreciated.
(+) and (-) are arbitrary denominations of DNA strands. Only direction that makes sense is the mRNA (or other functional RNAs, but that's virtually the same), that is single-stranded and translated to protein in the defined order. I would logically expect naming the gDNA strands with respect to that. So, (+) have the same sequence as mRNA (= coding strand), so the mRNA is created with (-) strand as a template. Problem now is in the fact that mRNAs can be in both directions, but of course whole strand on one chromosome must be either (+) or (-). Someone had to decide which one.
Historically, some gDNA was sequenced and published from one direction, the other one from other, presumably in respect for mRNA it creates. But after Human Genome Project was finished and aligned, all single gene gDNA entries were replaced by whole chromosome reads and as I wrote one strand must be always (+) and the other (-) even when (+) is not a coding strand for some of the mRNAs. This make some of the mRNAs to be from (-) strand.
This may aswer your first question, NCBI must have both strands in database (like for BLAST search) because each strand is the coding one for some mRNAs. I hope second question was also answered above.
Trof on Mon Jul 4 15:44:48 2011 said:
(+) and (-) are arbitrary denominations of DNA strands. Only direction that makes sense is the mRNA (or other functional RNAs, but that's virtually the same), that is single-stranded and translated to protein in the defined order. I would logically expect naming the gDNA strands with respect to that. So, (+) have the same sequence as mRNA (= coding strand), so the mRNA is created with (-) strand as a template. Problem now is in the fact that mRNAs can be in both directions, but of course whole strand on one chromosome must be either (+) or (-). Someone had to decide which one.
Historically, some gDNA was sequenced and published from one direction, the other one from other, presumably in respect for mRNA it creates. But after Human Genome Project was finished and aligned, all single gene gDNA entries were replaced by whole chromosome reads and as I wrote one strand must be always (+) and the other (-) even when (+) is not a coding strand for some of the mRNAs. This make some of the mRNAs to be from (-) strand.
This may aswer your first question, NCBI must have both strands in database (like for BLAST search) because each strand is the coding one for some mRNAs. I hope second question was also answered above.
Thank you, Trof! :-)
And yes, dots are complementary.